See also: part 1, part 2 and part 3.
- 2016/04/26 – I had a HUGE mistake in STEP 5 about what to put in LSN0 for the os9boot file size. (It’s sectors, not bytes – oops!) Thanks to Travis Poppe for helping me figure out what was wrong in my instructions. I have marked the updates in red. I will do some testing soon to make sure it is correct now.
- 2016/05/01 – A minor correction to the instructions, and I added links to DSK images of the BASIC and OS-9 programs in this article, as well as a link to the full 128MB NitrOS-9 image, ready for you to start customizing.
- 2017/02/05 – Well, this is confusing. Ignore my first correction. LSN 0 needs file size in bytes, not sectors. Correcting again.
As promised in Part 1, and teased in Part 2, I finally present some simple steps to making a bootable OS-9 disk without using “cobbler” or “os9gen”. If I had understood this more back in the early 90s when I was using CoCo OS-9 Level 2 full-time, I don’t think I would have seen nearly as many BOOT FAILED messages :)
Step 0 – Creating a 128MB disk image.
This doesn’t have anything to do with the rest of the article, but it’s good to know. CoCoSDC creates disk images, by default as 35-track single sided images. As you write data past the end of those 35 tracks, the image expands. This can lead to fragmentation and performance issues as the CoCoSDC firmware has to juggle more bits and bytes. Instead, designer Darren Atkinson sent me a simple BASIC program that will create a .DSK image and expand it automatically to the size (in megabytes) you specify. I called mine SDCMAKE.DSK (download the SDCMAKE.DSK disk image here).
10 INPUT "DSK NAME";DN$ 20 DRIVE 1,DN$,NEW 30 INPUT"SIZE MB";MB:IF MB>128 THEN 30 40 A=&HFF48:SC=INT(MB*4096)-1 50 B1=INT(SC/65536):B2=INT((SC-B1*65536)/256):B3=SC-B1*65536-B2*256 60 POKE &HFF40,67:POKE A+1,B1:POKE A+2,B2 70 POKE A+3,B3:POKE A,&HA1:POKE A+2,0 80 IF (PEEK(A) AND 2)=0 THEN 80 90 FOR I=1 TO 128:POKE A+3,0:NEXT 100 IF PEEK(A) AND 1 THEN 100 110 POKE &HFF40,0
You can run that from BASIC and make a fresh “128MB.DSK” file to experiment on under OS-9.
Step 1 – Format the hard drive for the 128MB.
To do this, we must configure the /sd1 device descriptor so it provides 524,280 clusters – the most we can have (65535 bytes in the DAM, multiplied by 8 bits per = 524280). I use 65535 ($FFFF) cylinders, 8 sides, and 1 sector-per-track which works out to 524280 exactly.
dmode /sd1 cyl=ffff sid=8 sct=1 t0s=1 format /sd1
NOTE: There may be more values that need to be set. I tried this tonight (2/5/2017) on an old SyQuest EZ135 SCSI drive (128MB as well) and format showed some real weird stuff. I think there were some other options in my SCSI descriptor (clusters, etc.) that I needed to override.
Format should report “Disk capacity: 524280 sectors (134,215,680 bytes)” and you should see “Sectors/track” and “Track zero sect/trk” both at 1 (sct and t0s in the dmode command), and “Total physical cylinders” at 65,535 (cyl in the dmode command). Do not to a PHYSICAL format, and there is no need to Verify unless you just have some time to kill.
Format Note: During the research for this article, I realized that not only is cobbler and os9gen broken in regards to hard drive images, but it appears format is as well. There is a byte in LSN 0 that indicates the type/format (DD.FMT) of the disk. It has bits that are associated with various floppy disk formats, with one representing single-sided or double-sided. It appears that, by default, format will set that side bit if sides > 1. By formatting a hard drive like I suggested (with sid=8), the double-sided bit will be set, and that throws off cobbler and os9gen. If you format using the “1” option, for singled sided, it will NOT set that bit (thus, single-sided) BUT it will override the sid=8 settings (or whatever is in the descriptor). What we really need are versions of these commands that have a “it’s a HARD DRIVE, darnit!” option that will not set those floppy drive bits. I expect this was done long ago when hard drives started getting affordable, but reinventing the wheel is fun so maybe that will be another article…
Step 2 – Copy the kernel track from a bootable disk on sectors $264-$275 to sectors $264-$275 on /sd1.
I did this using a brute-force BASIC09 program: (Download the KERCOPY.DSK disk image here.)
PROCEDURE kercopy DIM in,out:BYTE DIM srcDev,dstDev:STRING DIM sectorNum:REAL DIM sectorData(256):BYTE INPUT "Source drive with kernel:",srcDev INPUT "Destination drive :",dstDev OPEN #in,srcDev+"@":READ OPEN #out,dstDev+"@":UPDATE FOR sectorNum=$0264 TO $0275 PRINT "Copying sector "; sectorNum; " from "; srcDev; " to "; dstDev ; "..." SEEK #in,sectorNum*256 GET #in,sectorData SEEK #out,sectorNum*256 PUT #out,sectorData NEXT sectorNum CLOSE #out CLOSE #in END
Please note that this program does no error checking. When you run it, you would type in “/sd0” for the source disk (if that is the one with your kernel boot track) and “/sd1” for the destination. It will then simply read all the boot track sectors from /sd0 and write them to the same place on /sd1.
Given a bit more time, I need to make that program take care of this next step so it does not have to be done manually… At that point, it would be a nice replacement for cobbler, almost.
Step 3 – Mark sectors $264-$275 as used to prevent files from overwriting the “hidden” kernel track.
I use dEd to edit the hard drive in raw mode (/sd1@) and then just find the 18 appropriate bits in the DAM (disk allocation bitmap) that represent the 18 sectors of the kernel track and set them.
The boot track is located on sectors $264-$275 in the DAM (disk allocation bitmap). The DAM starts at LSN 1. You basically want to set the 18 bits that represent sectors $264-$275. They reside in bytes $14C, $14D and $1FE:
- offset $14C = $0F (00001111)
- offset $14D = $FF (11111111)
- offset $14E = $FC (11111100)
ded /sd1@ CMD: s 1 [ENTER] (skip to LSN=$01 one) CMD: e (edit mode) Cursor over to row 04, column C and change that to $0F Cursor over to row 04, column D and change that to $FF Cursor over to row 04, column E and change that to $FC [ENTER] to exit edit mode CMD: w (to write sector) Are you sure? y (yes, you are sure)
Step 4 – Copy your OS9Boot file over to /sd1. If this disk is freshly formatted, it should copy as a contiguous (non-fragmented) file.
copy /sd0/OS9Boot /sd1/OS9Boot
Step 5 – Mark the location and size of the bootfile in logical sector 0. This is how the booter knows where to find OS9Boot.
To do this, I do a “dir -e /sd1” and note the “Sector” and “Bytecount” (size) fields. In my example, dir reports OS9Boot is at Sector 109 and has a Bytecount (size) of $5EDD. The sector reported is NOT the one we want to use. That sector is where the File ID sector is for OS9Boot. File ID is what contains the attributes, owner, creation date, etc. as well as the segment list. For a fragmented file, the File ID sector may contain up to 48 entries of different file segments.
Using “ded /sd1@” again, first we want to verify where OS9Boot is. Open dEd, and skip to the sector that was shown in the “dir -e /sd1” output:
ded /sd1@
s 109 [ENTER] (skip to sector shown in the dir -e display)
That sector should have some data on the first row (00), and a few entries on the second row (10). The second row is what we really want. The first three bytes (offsets $10-$12) are the starting sector for the segment (where OS9Boot really begins), and the next two bytes (offsets $13-$14) are the size in sectors.
On a freshly formatted disk, the starting sector should be one higher than what “dir -e” showed. On my system, it is “00 01 0A” ($10A is the sector after the directory entry at $109).
Just to make sure you have the correct starting sector, in dEd you can skip to that sector (“s 10a [ENTER]”) to look at it and see if it is the kernel. On the top line of the ASCII display on the right you should see the module name embedded in there. In this case, “KrnP2”. That confirms sector $10A is indeed the kernel.
From the NitrOS-9 Technical Reference manual “Identification Sector (LSN 0)” on page 57:
Name Rel. Size Use Addr (Bytes) DD.TOT $00 3 Number of sectors on disk DD.TKS $03 1 Track size (in sectors) DD.MAP $04 2 Number of bytes in the allocation bit map DD.BIT $06 2 Number of sectors per cluster DD.DIR $08 3 Starting sector of the root directory DD.OWN $0B 2 Owner’s user number DD.ATT $0D 1 Disk attributes DD.DSK $0E 2 Disk identification (for internal use) DD.FMT $10 1 Disk format, density, number of sides DD.SPT $11 2 Number of sectors per track DD.RES $13 2 Reserved for future use DD.BT $15 3 Starting sector of the bootstrap file DD.BSZ $18 2 Size of the bootstrap file (in bytes) DD.DAT $1A 5 Time of creation (Y:M:D:H:M) DD.NAM $1F 32 Volume name in which the last character has the most significant bit set DD.OPT $3F Path descriptor options
We will want to put the starting sector (that we got from dEd) as three bytes at offset $15 of LSN 0. We will want to put the byte count (that we got from dir) as two bytes at offset $18 of LSN0.
Now just skip back to LSN 0 and type in the starting sector for the OS9Boot module and it’s size. These go at offset $15-$17 (starting sector) and $18-19 (size in bytes). Basically, you want to edit $15-$19 to be the three bytes that were at $10-$12 in the files’ ID sector, and the two byte size (from dir). In my case, I put in “00 01 0A FE DD” to match the start of my boot file ($00010A) and it’s file size ($FEDD).
s 0 [ENTER] (skip to Logical Sector 0) e (to enter edit mode) Cursor over to row 10, column 5. Change three bytes to the start LSN: 00 01 0A (for me) Cursor over to row 10, column 8. Change two bytes to the os9boot size: 5E DD (for me) [ENTER] to exit edit mode CMD: w (to write sector) Are you sure? y (yes, you are sure)
Now the kernel track is where the “DOS” command will find it, and its sectors are marked as used to other files will not overwrite it.
OS9Boot has been copied over (and must be contiguous) and LSN0 has been updated to point to where the file starts and how big it is.
Step 6 – The only thing left to do is copy over the other needed files, which at a minimum should be “shell”, “grfdrv” and “sysgo”:
makdir /sd1/CMDS copy /sd0/CMDS/shell /sd1/CMDS/shell copy /sd0/CMDS/grfdrv /sd1/CMDS/grfdrv copy /sd0/sysgo /sd1/sysgo
At this point, you now have a minimally bootable OS-9 hard drive (though it has no commands or anything useful on it yet). You might want to also include utilspak1 (common commands) and the base startup file (which will load them):
copy /sd0/CMDS/utilpak1 /sd1/CMDS/utilpak1 copy /sd0/startup /sd1/startup
I hope this walkthrough demystifies the OS-9 booting process. In a future article, maybe I can present code in BASIC09, C or assembly (or maybe all three versions) that does all of this for you.
2016/5/1: You can download a 128MB disk image here that is the results of me performing this steps tonight.
Until then … tips are always welcome :)
I need to read all that again, not once more but a few times more. Great article!
Thanks for posting this, as it is the best “recipe” I have found for making a large, virtual, NitrOS9 disk image for use with the CoCo SDC. My original thought was to just do it with Toolshed, but I did not realize the creation of the boot kernel and OS9Boot file would be such a peculiar process with editing of the raw sector data required.
It sure seems like this should be easier. I mean, who has a CoCo SDC and doesn’t want a maximum capacity NitrOS9 disk image with all the goodies pre-loaded :)
I found the ~4MB CoCo SDC image that is part of the large collection of disk images generated on SourceForge by the NitrOS9 team. I wonder if there is a simpler process we could use to “extend” that 4MB image to 128MB without breaking it… Then, just use Toolshed to move apps & files from other non-SDC disk images over to that one.
I try to document this stuff so when I go to do it again, I have notes :) I believe Toolshed does the “right thing” and places the kernel track in the proper place when it makes an image.
As to expanding, it would be possible — and not that difficult, but it would involve moving a ton of sectors. BUT, I bet I could write a resize utility that ran on a Mac/PC/Linux machine and did that to a .dsk image.
That sounds like a fun winter project!!!
By the way, there is a 128MB max size image I made that is in an archive somewhere. I will try to find the link.
Well, still at it, and haven’t managed a bootable 128M NitrOS-9 disk image for my CoCo 3 yet.
The SDC-128 disk image that you have available for download does not boot on my machine. It freezes early in the boot process, and I have been assuming that is because it is a 6309 build of NitrOS-9, and my CoCo 3 only has a stock 6809 MPU.
I tired using Toolshed to simply move files from my bootable 4M disk image to the SDC-128 image you created. I was hoping to easily convert your image from 6309->6809 in this manner. Unfortunately, that doesn’t work.
I also went through all the steps you have above to create my own 128M image. It ALMOST works :( At least, the image starts boot correctly, then freezes after having printed the following to my screen:
KREL Boot Krn tb0
I don’t really understand why following your steps, and moving the disk contents over from my working 4M image results in a non-bootable 128M image. Since it tries to boot, it seems like the Kernet and boot file stuff is all correct. Not sure what to try next….
I had to move unexpectedly, so my CoCo is packed at the moment but I plan to set it up soon. I think kernel, an os9boot file. Then a few other things like shell, grrdrv and such, are all it should take to get up to an OS9: prompt. I think. I need to just write a small program that will “cobble” the SDC disks and make this all go away.
My system is set back up. Did you get this going?
Wow. I had a big mistake (caused by correcting something wrongly) so I updated the article and added more notes.
Ok, great. I will give it another try soon. I have been stuck using the 4M OS-9 image that works fine, but I really want to create a single 128M boot image that can hold everything.
Another approach we could take is just to edit the scripts in NitrOS-9 and have it make one for us. I plan to try that, soon. Hopefully the toolshed tools don’t have the same issues with large drive images that the stock os9gen/cobbler have.
AL, Have you tried OS9 from tool shed? it looks like you can FORMAT (create) disk images and even make it bootable with the Gen option. Still trying to figure out if it would work to create an image from scratch.